Can interpolated testing reduce retrieval-induced forgetting?

Testing can improve retention of tested information (see Roediger & Karpicke, 2006a for review), but it can also impair memory for nontested, related information: an effect termed retrieval-induced forgetting (Anderson, Bjork, & Bjork, 1994). To my knowledge, retrieval-induced forgetting has only been shown in experiments where participants study all exemplars and then perform one retrieval practice phase (see Anderson, 2003; Raaijmakers & Jakab, 2013; Storm & Levy, 2012 for reviews). Researchers have demonstrated that interpolating memory tests during the learning phase can reduce the amount of proactive interference one experiences when one learns new information (Szpunar, McDermott, & Roediger, 2008). In this dissertation, I examined how studying information in multiple blocks rather than one block influenced the buildup of proactive interference. Previous researchers (Szpunar et al., 2008) examined how testing can reduce the buildup of practice interference when all previously studied information was tested. I examined whether testing only a subset of the exemplars in a block would inoculate participants against the buildup of proactive interference. Furthermore, I examined how the presentation order of the Rp- exemplars (i.e., nontested exemplars from the tested categories) relative to the Rp+ (tested) exemplars influenced the magnitude of retrieval-induced forgetting. Retrieval-induced forgetting researchers generally endorse one of two accounts: the inhibition (Anderson, 2003) or blocking account (Raaijmakers & Jakab, 2013). I predicted that if blocking drives retrieval-induced forgetting, I would find retrieval-induced forgetting regardless of presentation order of the Rp- and Rp+ exemplars. However, if inhibition drives retrieval-induced forgetting, I would only find retrieval-induced forgetting in conditions where Rp- exemplars were presented prior to retrieval practice. In three experiments, to-be-learned information was presented either in one block followed by retrieval practice (the cumulative retrieval practice condition), or presented in four blocks. For the latter participants, some were given math instead of retrieval practice between each block (the interim math condition), some participants studied the Rp- exemplars in blocks prior to the presentation and retrieval practice of the Rp+ exemplars (the high competition condition), and the remaining participants studied and received retrieval practice over the Rp+ exemplars before learning the Rp- exemplars (the low competition condition). Then participants either had a 20-minute (Experiments 1 and 3) or 10-minute distractor period (Experiment 2). Finally, participants either were given a category cued recall test (Experiment 1) or a category-plus-stem cued recall test (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 1, participants demonstrated retrieval-induced forgetting in the cumulative retrieval practice, high competition, and low competition conditions. However, in Experiment 2, participants only demonstrated retrieval-induced forgetting in the cumulative retrieval practice and high competition conditions. The results of Experiment 3 were inconsistent with Experiments 1 and 2 and may have been due to chance. The current dissertation provides evidence for both the inhibition and blocking accounts

Providing Corrective Feedback During Retrieval Practice Does Not Increase Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Recalling a subset of studied materials can impair subsequent retrieval of related, nontested materials. In two experiments, we examined the influence of providing corrective feedback (no feedback, immediate feedback, delayed feedback) during retrieval practice on this retrieval-induced forgetting effect. Performance was assessed with category cued recall (e.g., recall all exemplars studied under Weather), category-and-stem cued recall (e.g., Weather–B___), and recognition. We report a dissociation between the effects of feedback on memory of the tested materials and the nontested materials. Whereas providing immediate or delayed feedback (compared to no feedback) improved recall and recognition of the tested items, it had no influence on retrieval-induced forgetting. These results are consistent with the inhibition account of retrieval-induced forgetting. From an applied perspective, this finding is encouraging for students and educators who use testing to foster learning

How is Death Penalty Used in China?

Strike hard Campaigns. The Views of the People and of the Elite. Comments on the interplay between penal populism, leadership from the front and human rights. To what extent are hard strike campaigns formed as penal populism in the provinces or as a result of leadership from the front centrally. The hard strike campaigns in the future. (Preliminary Symposium Program for The first Oslo international Symposium on Death penalty in Asia)published_or_final_versio

Mandat

Der russische Text von Nikołaj Robertovic Êrdmans Komödie "Mandat" (1924) wird hier aufgrund einer Abschrift aus der Sowjetunion redigiert erstmals vorgelegt

Primary Dendrite Array: Observations from Ground-Based and Space Station Processed Samples

Influence of natural convection on primary dendrite array morphology during directional solidification is being investigated under a collaborative European Space Agency-NASA joint research program, Microstructure Formation in Castings of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions (MICAST). Two Aluminum-7 wt pct Silicon alloy samples, MICAST6 and MICAST7, were directionally solidified in microgravity on the International Space Station. Terrestrially grown dendritic monocrystal cylindrical samples were remelted and directionally solidified at 18 K per centimeter (MICAST6) and 28 K per centimeter (MICAST7). Directional solidification involved a growth speed step increase (MICAST6-from 5 to 50 millimeters per second) and a speed decrease (MICAST7-from 20 to 10 millimeters per second). Distribution and morphology of primary dendrites is currently being characterized in these samples, and also in samples solidified on earth under nominally similar thermal gradients and growth speeds. Primary dendrite spacing and trunk diameter measurements from this investigation will be presented

Atomic-scale structure of the SrTiO3(001)-c(6x2) reconstruction: Experiments and first-principles calculations

The c(6x2) is a reconstruction of the SrTiO3(001) surface that is formed between 1050-1100oC in oxidizing annealing conditions. This work proposes a model for the atomic structure for the c(6x2) obtained through a combination of results from transmission electron diffraction, surface x-ray diffraction, direct methods analysis, computational combinational screening, and density functional theory. As it is formed at high temperatures, the surface is complex and can be described as a short-range ordered phase featuring microscopic domains composed of four main structural motifs. Additionally, non-periodic TiO2 units are present on the surface. Simulated scanning tunneling microscopy images based on the electronic structure calculations are consistent with experimental images

Evaluation of a Vancomycin Dosing Protocol and Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Burn Patients

Published abstract from the 47th American Burn Association Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL April 2015

NONLINEAR REGRESSION FUNCTIONS FOR FORAGE NUTRIENT DISAPPEARANCE FROM BAGS INCUBATED IN THE RUMEN

Seven nonlinear regression functions are compared for fitting rumen in situ disappearance data. The standard function is based on a simple one-compartment model. In addition, we consider a time lag modification, a two-compartment model, and functions based on underlying probability models for degradation time. The empirical suitability of the seven regression functions are assessed using two in situ experiments involving forages fed to dairy cows. A function based on the loglogistic distribution is shown to have empirical and theoretical advantages

The Tabby cat locus maps to feline chromosome B1.

The Tabby markings of the domestic cat are unique coat patterns for which no causative candidate gene has been inferred from other mammals. In this study, a genome scan was performed on a large pedigree of cats that segregated for Tabby coat markings, specifically for the Abyssinian (Ta-) and blotched (tbtb) phenotypes. There was linkage between the Tabby locus and eight markers on cat chromosome B1. The most significant linkage was between marker FCA700 and Tabby (Z = 7.56, theta = 0.03). Two additional markers in the region supported linkage, although not with significant LOD scores. Pairwise analysis of the markers supported the published genetic map of the cat, although additional meioses are required to refine the region. The linked markers cover a 17-cM region and flank an evolutionary breakpoint, suggesting that the Tabby gene has a homologue on either human chromosome 4 or 8. Alternatively, Tabby could be a unique locus in cats

Aristaless-like homeobox protein 1 (ALX1) variant associated with craniofacial structure and frontonasal dysplasia in Burmese cats

AbstractFrontonasal dysplasia (FND) can have severe presentations that are medically and socially debilitating. Several genes are implicated in FND conditions, including Aristaless-Like Homeobox 1 (ALX1), which is associated with FND3. Breeds of cats are selected and bred for extremes in craniofacial morphologies. In particular, a lineage of Burmese cats with severe brachycephyla is extremely popular and is termed Contemporary Burmese. Genetic studies demonstrated that the brachycephyla of the Contemporary Burmese is a simple co-dominant trait, however, the homozygous cats have a severe craniofacial defect that is incompatible with life. The craniofacial defect of the Burmese was genetically analyzed over a 20 year period, using various genetic analysis techniques. Family-based linkage analysis localized the trait to cat chromosome B4. Genome-wide association studies and other genetic analyses of SNP data refined a critical region. Sequence analysis identified a 12bp in frame deletion in ALX1, c.496delCTCTCAGGACTG, which is 100% concordant with the craniofacial defect and not found in cats not related to the Contemporary Burmese